What subsystem of artificial intelligence comprises algorithms that use data…

Machine Learning (ML) is the subsystem of Artificial Intelligence whose algorithms use data to learn patterns on their own and make predictions, without being explicitly programmed for every rule.

Big Data describes large-scale data sets, Cloud Computing is a model for delivering computing resources, and a Turing Machine is a theoretical model of computation — none of these is the self-learning, predictive algorithmic subsystem the question describes.