With reference to Likert-type scale, the correct set of options includes: (A)…

Concept

A Likert-type scale is a summated rating method: respondents indicate degrees of agreement, and the item scores are combined.

Unlike judge-rated interval scaling, it does not require a panel to assign scale values in advance. Candidate statements are tried empirically, and item analysis checks their discriminating power; the method is generally efficient and reliable.

Application

• The statement about working without a panel of judges describes a defining procedural advantage of Likert scaling.

• The statement denying reliability reverses the usual finding: a well-constructed multi-item Likert scale can achieve good reliability.

• The statement claiming slower construction reverses the comparison: Likert scaling is generally quicker to construct than methods that require judges to assign scale values.

• The statement about an empirical test of discriminating ability matches Likert item analysis, which retains statements that distinguish respondents effectively.

• The statement about respondent-centred studies matches the method because scores are derived from respondents' own ratings.

Contrast

• A, B and C only includes the reliability and construction-time claims that reverse the standard properties.

• B, C and D only retains both reversed claims even though it includes empirical item discrimination.

• C, D and E only includes the reversed construction-time claim alongside two standard properties.

Result

Therefore, the correct set is A, D and E only.