5-स्वरों का वर्गीकरण

Duration: 16 min

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Inside: a video lesson and guided study material.

Module outline

  1. About Course: UPPSC Course Overview
  2. Interview Preparation & Guidance: Interview Preparation
  3. Paper 1 | General Hindi: हिन्दी की रूप रचना, वर्णमाला, समास, Multi-Topic Content (Cross-Concept Material), हिन्दी की ध्वनि और स्वनिम व्यवस्था, प्राचीन और मध्यकालीन भारतीय आर्यभाषाएँ, काव्य के लक्षण, हेतु और प्रयोजन, हिन्दी शब्द रचना, हिन्दी साहित्येतिहास दर्शन, भक्तिकालीन काव्यधाराएँ, भारतीय काव्यशास्त्र की परंपरा, भारतीय नवजागरण और स्वाधीनता आंदोलन, अन्य गद्य विधाएँ एवं प्रवासी साहित्य, निर्धारित उपन्यासों का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन, गोदान, हिन्दी कहानी का विकास, स्वातंत्र्योत्तर और नयी कहानी, हिन्दी निबंध का विकास, शुक्लोत्तर निबंध, द्विवेदी और शुक्ल युग के निबंध, हिन्दी की संवैधानिक स्थिति, आधुनिक भारतीय आर्यभाषाएँ और हिन्दी का उद्भव, हिन्दी भाषा प्रयोग के विविध रूप, रीतिकाल, जीवनी, द्विवेदी युग और छायावाद, रीति, वक्रोक्ति और औचित्य सिद्धान्त, शब्दशक्ति और ध्वनि सिद्धान्त, रस सिद्धान्त और साधारणीकरण, उत्तर आधुनिकतावाद, लोहिया दर्शन, हिन्दी उपन्यास का विकास, हिन्दी नवजागरण, अंबेडकर दर्शन, आदिकाल, प्रयोगवाद और नयी कविता, छायावादी काव्य: प्रसाद और निराला, प्रगतिवाद से समकालीन कविता, निर्गुण भक्ति काव्य, द्विवेदीयुगीन काव्य, रीतिकालीन काव्य, आरंभिक हिन्दी उपन्यास, स्वातंत्र्योत्तर उपन्यास, आत्मकथा, स्वाधीनता-पूर्व प्रेमचंदोत्तर उपन्यास, निर्धारित कहानियों का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन, साठोत्तरी नाटक, प्रसाद और प्रसादोत्तर युग के नाटक, भारतेन्दु युगीन नाटक, स्वातंत्र्योत्तर नाटक, भारतेन्दु युगीन निबंध, संस्मरण और रेखाचित्र, व्यंग्य, एक साहित्यिक की डायरी, संस्कृति के चार अध्याय, सगुण भक्ति काव्य, हिन्दी नाटक, एकांकी और रंगमंच, आधुनिक गद्य और हिन्दी नवजागरण, अलंकार सिद्धान्त, हिन्दी आलोचना का विकास, भक्ति आंदोलन, कल्पना, बिम्ब, प्रतीक, मिथक और फंतासी, नयी कविता का विस्तार और साठोत्तरी कविता, उत्तर-छायावादी और प्रगतिवादी काव्य, काव्यगुण और काव्यदोष, प्लेटो, अरस्तू और पाश्चात्य परंपरा, मार्क्सवाद, स्वच्छन्दतावादी काव्यशास्त्र, आधुनिक पाश्चात्य आलोचना, भाषा और भाषा परिवार, देवनागरी लिपि
  4. Paper 2 | General Studies: State Wise GK, Polity, Geography, History, GK- Current Affairs
  5. Paper 1 | Programming Language: Language Design, C Fundamentals, Control Flow, Functions, Arrays & Pointers, Storage Classes, Structures & Enums, DMA, Macros, Scoping & File Handling, OOPS with C++
  6. Paper 1 | Database Management Systems: Basics of DBMS, ER Diagram, Relational Model & Functional Dependencies, Keys & Integrity Constraints, Normalization (1NF - BCNF), Decomposition Properties & 4NF, File Organization & Indexing, Relational Algebra, SQL, Relational Calculus, Transaction Management, Concurrency Control, ORDBMS, NoSQL
  7. Paper 1 | Cyber Security: कंप्यूटर की मूल बातें और हार्डवेयर / Computer Fundamentals and Hardware, प्रत्यक्ष बोध / Literal Comprehension, कंप्यूटर सॉफ्टवेयर / Computer Software, निष्कर्षात्मक बोध / Inferential Comprehension, आलोचनात्मक बोध / Critical Comprehension, इंटरनेट और वर्ल्ड वाइड वेब / Internet and World Wide Web, ई-मेल और ऑनलाइन संचार / Email and Online Communication, साइबर सुरक्षा / Cyber Security, अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन / Waste Management, डिजिटल नैतिकता, बौद्धिक संपदा और समाज / Digital Ethics, IPR and Society, डिजिटल एवं नव माध्यम / Digital and New Media, शोध नैतिकता / Research Ethics, उभरती प्रौद्योगिकियाँ / Emerging Technologies, शिक्षा और शासन में ICT / ICT in Education and Governance, Society, Law & Ethics, Cyber Threats and Malware Attacks, Role of Internet and Web Services, Security in Mobile and Wireless Computing, Electronic Data Interchange and E-Commerce, Physical Security and Cryptography Basics, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Cyber Safety and Security, Ethical Hacking, भौगोलिक संकेतों का संरक्षण / Protection of Geographical Indications
  8. Paper 1 | Computer Organization and Architecture: Basics of COA, Programming the Basic Computer, Cache Memory Organization, Input Output Organisation, Instr Formats & Modes, Register Transfer and Microoperations, Control Unit Design
  9. Paper 1 | Computer Networks: Introduction to CN, Data Communication, DLL: Access Control, DLL: Flow Control, DLL: Error Control, DLL: Framing, Data Link Layer - Ethernet, Net Layer: IPv4 & Proto, Net Layer: IP Addressing, Net Layer:Routing Protocol, Transport Layer Services, TL: Congestion & UDP, Application Layer, Hardware basics, Network Security
  10. Paper 1 | Design and Analysis of Algorithms: Algorithm Analysis, Time Complexity Analysis, Sorting Algorithms, Greedy Algorithms, Dynamic Programming, Minimum Spanning Trees, Shortest Path Algos, Advanced Algorithms
  11. Paper 1 | Data Structures: Introduction to DS, Array, Linked List, Stack, Queue, Tree, Graphs, Hashing
  12. Paper 1 | Discrete Structures and Theory of Logic: क्रमचय, संचय एवं प्रायिकता / Permutation, Combination and Probability, Set Theory, Relations, Functions, Propositional and Predicate Logic, Graph Theory, Group Theory
  13. Paper 1 | Software Project Management: Software Project Management
  14. Paper 2 | Operating Systems: Introduction to OS, Process Management, CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization, Threads & Process Creation, Deadlock, Memory Management, Virtual Memory, Disc Scheduling, File Management, Unix OS, Linux OS, Security
  15. Paper 2 | Compiler Design: Intro to Compilers, Lexical Analysis, Grammar & CFG, Syntax Analysis: Top-Down, Syntax Analysis: Bottom-Up, Semantic Analysis & SDT, Intermediate Code Gen, Code Optimization, Run Time Environment, Introduction to TOC, Deterministic FA (DFA), Non-Deterministic FA, Regular Expressions, Pushdown Automata & CFG, Complexity Theory
  16. Paper 2 | Artificial Intelligence & High Performance Computing: Approaches to AI, Search Algorithms, Game Playing, Knowledge Representation, Planning, Multi Agent Systems, Natural Language Processing, क्लाउड और वितरित कंप्यूटिंग / Cloud and Distributed Computing
  17. Paper 2 | Image Processing: Digital Image Fundamentals, Image Enhancement, Image Restoration, Color Image Processing, Image Compression
  18. Paper 2 | Software Engineering: Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Software Requirements and Quality Assurance, Software Design, Estimation and Metrics, Software Testing, Software Maintenance and Configuration Management
  19. Paper 2 | Computer Graphics: Basics of Computer Graphics, 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing, 3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations and Viewing
  20. Paper 2 | Web Technologies: Website, Browser & Services, Internet Fundamentals, Web Design & Development, Protocols & Services, Web Publishing & Hosting, Server Side & Security, Emerging Technologies, HTML Basics, JavaScript-Basics, Java
  21. Paper 2 | Soft Computing: Fuzzy Sets, Artificial Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms
  22. Paper 2 | Distributed System: Distributed Systems
  23. UPPSC Live Class Recordings: UPPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2025 (CS)
  24. Previous Year Papers:
  25. Mock Test:
AI summary & chapters

AI Summary

An AI-generated summary of this video lecture.

This video is a lecture on Hindi grammar, specifically focusing on the rules of 'svar' (vowel) and 'vyanjan' (consonant) sandhi (phonetic combination). The instructor, visible in a small window, teaches from a PDF document displayed on a computer screen. The lesson begins by explaining the concept of 'svar ka vikar' (vowel change), detailing how vowels change when they combine with other vowels or consonants. The first rule discussed is 'vishva ki svarin ke aadhar par' (based on the vowel of the word), which covers the transformation of 'a' into 'e', 'ai', 'o', and 'au' when followed by specific vowels. The second rule, 'mukh ke khulne ke aadhar par' (based on the openness of the mouth), explains the change of 'a' to 'a' when followed by 'a', 'i', 'u', 'r', 'l', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au'. The third rule, 'aakar ki svarin ke aadhar par' (based on the vowel of the letter), covers the transformation of 'a' to 'a', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au' when followed by 'a', 'i', 'u', 'r', 'l', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au'. The fourth rule, 'anunasi ka aadhar par' (based on the nasal sound), explains the change of 'a' to 'a', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au' when followed by 'a', 'i', 'u', 'r', 'l', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au'. The lecture also includes a section on 'vyanjan ka vikar' (consonant change), where the instructor explains the transformation of consonants when they combine with other consonants. The video concludes with a discussion on the number of vowels in Hindi, stating there are 11 vowels, and the number of consonants, stating there are 33 consonants.

Chapters

  1. 0:00 – 2:00 00:00-02:00

    The video opens with a view of a PDF document titled 'Hindi vannmala notes.pdf' open in a WPS Office application. The document contains handwritten notes in Hindi, with the main heading 'स्वरों का विकार :-' (Vowel Change:). The first rule, '1- विषय की स्थिति के आधार पर' (Based on the state of the subject), is visible, explaining the transformation of 'a' into 'e', 'ai', 'o', and 'au' when followed by specific vowels. The instructor, visible in a small window, begins to explain the concept of vowel change in Hindi grammar, focusing on the first rule. The on-screen text clearly shows the rule and its examples, such as 'गिरि + अर्जुन = गिरिअर्जुन' (Giri + Arjun = Giriarjun).

  2. 2:00 – 5:00 02:00-05:00

    The instructor continues to explain the second rule of vowel change, '2- मुख के खुलने के आधार पर' (Based on the openness of the mouth). The on-screen text shows the rule and its examples, such as 'विष्णु (कुल) + अर्जुन = विष्णुअर्जुन' (Vishnu (Kula) + Arjun = Vishnuarjun). The instructor explains that when 'a' is followed by 'a', 'i', 'u', 'r', 'l', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au', it changes to 'a'. The video then transitions to the third rule, '3- आकार की स्थिति के आधार पर' (Based on the state of the form), which explains the transformation of 'a' to 'a', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au' when followed by 'a', 'i', 'u', 'r', 'l', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au'. The on-screen text shows examples like 'वृत्ताकार (कुल) + अर्जुन = वृत्ताकारअर्जुन' (Vrittaakar (Kula) + Arjun = Vrittaakararjun).

  3. 5:00 – 10:00 05:00-10:00

    The instructor moves on to the fourth rule of vowel change, '4- अनुनासिक के आधार पर' (Based on the nasal sound). The on-screen text shows the rule and its examples, such as 'संगुनासिक (कुल) + अर्जुन = संगुनासिकअर्जुन' (Sangunasik (Kula) + Arjun = Sangunasikarjun). The instructor explains that when 'a' is followed by 'a', 'i', 'u', 'r', 'l', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au', it changes to 'a', 'e', 'ai', 'o', 'au'. The video then transitions to a new section on 'व्यंजन का विकार' (Consonant Change). The instructor explains that when a consonant is followed by another consonant, it changes. The on-screen text shows examples like 'संगुनासिक (कुल) + अर्जुन = संगुनासिकअर्जुन' (Sangunasik (Kula) + Arjun = Sangunasikarjun).

  4. 10:00 – 15:00 10:00-15:00

    The instructor continues to explain the rules of consonant change. The on-screen text shows the rule and its examples, such as 'संगुनासिक (कुल) + अर्जुन = संगुनासिकअर्जुन' (Sangunasik (Kula) + Arjun = Sangunasikarjun). The instructor explains that when a consonant is followed by another consonant, it changes. The video then transitions to a new section on the number of vowels and consonants in Hindi. The on-screen text shows that there are 11 vowels and 33 consonants in Hindi. The instructor explains that the number of vowels is 11 and the number of consonants is 33. The video ends with a discussion on the number of vowels and consonants in Hindi.

  5. 15:00 – 15:58 15:00-15:58

    The instructor concludes the lecture by summarizing the key points. The on-screen text shows the number of vowels and consonants in Hindi. The instructor reiterates that there are 11 vowels and 33 consonants in Hindi. The video ends with a final summary of the rules of vowel and consonant change in Hindi grammar. The instructor emphasizes the importance of understanding these rules for mastering Hindi grammar.

The video provides a comprehensive lecture on the phonetic rules of Hindi grammar, specifically focusing on vowel and consonant changes (sandhi). The instructor systematically presents four rules for vowel change, each based on a different linguistic principle: the state of the subject, the openness of the mouth, the state of the form, and the nasal sound. The on-screen notes clearly illustrate the transformations, such as 'a' changing to 'e', 'ai', 'o', or 'au' under specific conditions. The lesson then transitions to consonant change, explaining how consonants alter when combined with other consonants. The video concludes with a summary of the total number of vowels (11) and consonants (33) in the Hindi language, reinforcing the foundational knowledge required for understanding Hindi phonology. The teaching style is methodical, using a combination of on-screen text and verbal explanation to ensure clarity.

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