Which one of the following does not come under the methods of data…

Concept: Data classification is the systematic grouping of observations according to a common basis so that similar data are placed together and comparisons become meaningful.

Common bases include attributes or qualities, numerical magnitudes, time periods, and geographical locations. A normative statement instead expresses what ought to be according to a standard or value judgement.

Application: Qualitative, quantitative, and spatial are established bases of statistical classification, whereas normative describes a prescriptive type of statement rather than a way of grouping observed data.

Contrast: Each offered term can be distinguished by the basis on which it classifies or evaluates information.

• Qualitative groups observations by attributes such as literacy, occupation, or sex.

• Quantitative groups observations by measurable values such as age, income, or marks.

• Spatial groups observations by place, such as country, state, district, or region.

• Normative evaluates what should be according to a chosen standard; it is not an observational classification basis.

Result: Normative is the item that does not come under the methods of data classification.