Which of the following steps of inference state(s) the reason for the…
2022
Which of the following steps of inference state(s) the reason for the establishment of the proposition according to the Classical Indian School of Logic?
(A) The hill has fire.
(B) Because it has smoke.
(C) Whatever has smoke has fire, e.g. oven.
(D) This hill has smoke which is invariably associated with fire.
(E) Therefore this hill has fire.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer: C. B only — CONCEPTIn the Nyāya five-member inference, each statement has a distinct logical role. Pratijñā states the proposition, hetu gives the evidential reason,…
- A.
C only
- B.
D and E only
- C.
B only
- D.
C and D only
Show answer & explanation
Correct answer: C
CONCEPT
In the Nyāya five-member inference, each statement has a distinct logical role. Pratijñā states the proposition, hetu gives the evidential reason, udāharaṇa states the universal concomitance with an example, upanaya applies that relation to the case, and nigamana states the conclusion.
The reason for establishing a proposition is therefore identified by locating the hetu: the observed mark offered as evidence for the property to be proved.
APPLICATION
Statement | Nyāya member | Function |
|---|---|---|
A | Pratijñā | States the proposition: the hill has fire. |
B | Hetu | Cites observed smoke as the evidential reason. |
C | Udāharaṇa | Gives the universal smoke–fire relation with the oven example. |
D | Upanaya | Applies that universal relation to the hill. |
E | Nigamana | Restates the established conclusion. |
CROSS-CHECK/CONTRAST
C only identifies the example-and-concomitance member, not the evidential-reason member.
D and E only combine application and conclusion.
C and D only combine universal illustration and its application.
Only statement B performs the role of hetu. Hence, the answer is B only.