Which property is common to functional programming languages and logic…

Concept

Declarative programming describes what relationship or result a computation should establish, without prescribing a fixed sequence of state-changing commands. Functional programming expresses computation through function evaluation, while logic programming expresses facts, rules, and queries.

Application

The question asks for a property shared by both paradigms. Functional and logic programming are both conventionally grouped under declarative programming because each emphasizes the specification of a result or relation rather than an imperative command sequence.

Contrast

• λ-calculus is the principal formal foundation of functional programming; logic programming is founded on formal logic and inference.

• Procedural programming organizes computation as explicit ordered operations and state changes, which is not the shared classification here.

• Functional programming names one of the two paradigms, whereas logic programming uses facts, rules, and queries rather than functions as its defining model.

Cross-check

University programming-language curricula classify functional programming and logic programming as the two major declarative paradigms, while distinguishing their formal foundations.

Result

Therefore, the common property is: both are declarative.