सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ (Samanya Ashuddhiyaan): Complete Hindi Grammar Notes for CTET and TET Exams

Everyday speech can make an incorrect Hindi form look familiar, while teaching exams expect the standard written form. सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ include both word-form and sentence-construction errors. Within CTET & UPTET Teaching Eligibility Test Prep, the effective sequence is a four-check method, one fully worked correction, then an eight-item diagnostic.

सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ: separate word errors from sentence errors

Start by deciding which layer contains the error. Do not change a whole sentence merely because one part looks unusual.

Follow the checks in order: the suspicious word itself, the noun's gender and number, the pronoun or postposition, then the verb and any repeated meaning. A sentence can contain more than one error, so do not stop after the first correction.

शब्द-स्तर की अशुद्धियाँ: मात्रा, वर्ण-क्रम और संयुक्ताक्षर

Learn these pairs as whole visual forms, because speech often does not reveal the spelling; each correct form has a reason you can hold onto, such as a sandhi join, a consonant cluster, or a maatra.

लिंग-वचन की अशुद्धियाँ: make every agreement link explicit

Agreement questions become simpler when you underline the controlling noun before looking at the verb.

• सीता ने तीन पुस्तकें खरीदा। becomes सीता ने तीन पुस्तकें खरीदीं। Here पुस्तकें is feminine plural, so the completed-action form is खरीदीं.

• बच्चे मैदान में खेल रहा है। becomes बच्चे मैदान में खेल रहे हैं। Here बच्चे is masculine plural, so the verb closes as रहे हैं.

• पानी ठंडी है। becomes पानी ठंडा है। Here पानी is masculine singular, so ठंडा है is required.

• लड़की और लड़का खेल रही है। becomes लड़की और लड़का खेल रहे हैं। In standard written Hindi, this mixed coordinated group is handled as masculine plural, so the verb is रहे हैं.

A common trap is to change only the auxiliary. बच्चे मैदान में खेल रहा हैं। is still wrong. Both parts must agree with बच्चे, giving खेल रहे हैं। Carry the controlling noun's agreement value to every linked word before selecting an option.

सर्वनाम, कारक और आदरसूचक रूप: choose the formal written construction

मेरे को and मेरे से are common in everyday speech, but a formal correction asks for the standard oblique pronouns मुझे and मुझसे. A regional form is not defective speech; the question simply asks for the standard written register.

आप always takes plural-respect agreement, so both the main verb and the auxiliary go plural: आप कहाँ जा रहे हैं?. Check the referent, the respect level, and then the verb; for example, आप कल आएगा। corrects to आप कल आएँगे।

In indirect speech, the कि-clause must keep the same person the main clause already fixed. In मैंने उससे कहा कि तुम बैठो।, the listener is already third person, shown by उससे, so switching to the second-person तुम बैठो breaks person consistency; the embedded clause stays third person with a subjunctive verb: मैंने उससे कहा कि वह बैठे।

सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ worked example: solve all constraints, not one word

Intended meaning: each learner must write exactly one answer clearly.

Stem: प्रत्येक विद्यार्थियों को अपने उत्तर स्पष्ट लिखने चाहिए।

• (A) प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी को अपना उत्तर स्पष्ट रूप से लिखना चाहिए।

• (B) प्रत्येक विद्यार्थियों को अपना उत्तर स्पष्ट रूप से लिखना चाहिए।

• (C) प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी को अपने उत्तर स्पष्ट रूप से लिखने चाहिए।

• (D) प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी को अपना उत्तर स्पष्ट रूप से लिखने चाहिए।

Solve it in four passes. First, प्रत्येक imposes a singular distributive reading, so the noun is विद्यार्थी. Second, exactly one masculine singular उत्तर selects अपना उत्तर. Third, the standard adverbial expression is स्पष्ट रूप से. Fourth, the singular required action closes with लिखना चाहिए. Therefore option (A) is correct.

Option (B) keeps the noun-number error प्रत्येक विद्यार्थियों. Option (C) changes the intended one answer into a plural construction. Option (D) keeps लिखने चाहिए, which conflicts with the intended singular action. The correct sentence satisfies all four constraints, not merely the first visible one.

सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ traps: redundancy, context and over-correction

Remove repeated meaning only when both elements do the same job.

• कृपया करके बैठिए। becomes कृपया बैठिए।

• वह वापस लौट आया। becomes वह लौट आया।

• केवल पाँच छात्र ही आए। becomes either केवल पाँच छात्र आए। or पाँच छात्र ही आए। In a formal correction question, either केवल or ही can carry the limiting meaning.

Change only the element whose rule fails, then reread the corrected sentence to confirm the meaning. For mixed sets combining संधि, समास, vocabulary and comprehension, use Multi-Topic General Hindi: Worked Set and Trap Guide. In सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ, keep the correction loop to spelling, agreement, pronouns, case forms and redundancy.

Teaching-exam practice: an eight-item diagnostic and evidence-led revision

Give yourself one point for each item.

1. Choose आर्शीवाद/आशीर्वाद.

2. Choose उज्जवल/उज्ज्वल.

3. Choose स्वास्थ/स्वास्थ्य.

4. Correct बच्चे मैदान में खेल रहा है।

5. Correct सीता ने तीन पुस्तकें खरीदा।

6. Correct मेरे को हिन्दी आती है।

7. Correct प्रत्येक विद्यार्थियों को अपना उत्तर लिखना चाहिए।

8. Remove the redundant element from वह वापस लौट आया।

Answer key: (1) आशीर्वाद; (2) उज्ज्वल; (3) स्वास्थ्य; (4) बच्चे मैदान में खेल रहे हैं।; (5) सीता ने तीन पुस्तकें खरीदीं।; (6) मुझे हिन्दी आती है।; (7) प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी को अपना उत्तर लिखना चाहिए।; (8) वह लौट आया।

Interpret the score as evidence:

• 8/8: revise after 48 hours.

• 6-7: redo only the missed error types tomorrow.

• 4-5: rebuild the four-row classification table.

• 0-3: relearn the word-form, agreement and pronoun sections before another timed set.

Practise three tasks in rotation: select the standard form, correct a sentence, and identify the error layer. For current CTET structure or language-section specifics, consult an already-issued Information Bulletin on the official CTET website. For a wider revision system, use CTET Language I & II: A Scoring Strategy.

सामान्य अशुद्धियाँ short version: build a correction loop

Use one compact loop: word form -> noun gender/number -> pronoun/postposition -> verb and repeated meaning.

Keep a four-column error log, dating each new row.

Log a row only for errors you actually miss, then re-test those exact rows in your next session; the goal is to recognise which constraint controls each correction, not to memorise every sentence.

Primary-level aspirants can continue through CTET Paper 1 Course 2026, a structured path with Paper 1 language coverage, practice questions, and recorded learning; upper-primary aspirants can use CTET Paper 2 Course 2026 for the corresponding Paper 2 coverage.