CS Fundamentals
451 articles in this topic
Interface Addressing Explained: Memory-Mapped vs Isolated I/O with Worked Examples
Understand what an interface address selects, how memory-mapped and isolated I/O differ, and why partial decoding creates multiple addresses for the same register.
Updated 23 Sep 20266 min readComputer Organization & Architecture
Universal Realization with NAND and NOR Gates: Concepts, Worked Example and Exam Patterns
Learn why NAND and NOR are universal, then implement one three-variable function using four NAND gates and four NOR gates with verified input traces.
Updated 23 Sep 20265 min readDigital Logic
Function Pointers in C: Declarations, Callbacks and Runnable Examples
Learn to read function-pointer declarations, build a callback dispatch table, guard invalid selections, and write a safe qsort comparator in C.
Updated 23 Sep 20266 min readC Programming & Data Structures
Network Protection Explained: Firewalls, Segmentation and a Worked ACL Example
Learn a reusable trust-boundary model for network protection, then trace allowed and blocked traffic through a five-zone web service and its ordered firewall rules.
Updated 23 Sep 20265 min readComputer Networks
Normal Forms and BNF in Compiler Design: CNF, GNF and Worked CFG Conversions
Separate grammar notation from production restrictions, then convert one CFG into CNF and GNF with exact derivations and rule-by-rule checks.
Updated 23 Sep 20266 min readCompiler Design
Applications of Mathematical Induction in Inequalities and Recurrence Relations: Worked Proofs
Learn how to choose a valid base index, complete an inequality step, and verify closed forms for first-order and second-order recurrences.
Updated 23 Sep 20266 min readEngineering Mathematics
Capgemini Exceller Drive Hiring Process: A Stage-by-Stage Preparation Map
Map each typical Capgemini fresher stage to a concrete practice output before an Exceller drive, then use worked aptitude, coding, interview, and safety checks.
Updated 23 Sep 20265 min read183 viewsOperating Systems
SQL Subqueries Tutorial: Scalar, IN, EXISTS, and Correlated Examples
Learn SQL subqueries from one small employee database. Trace each inner result, compare the main query forms, handle NULL safely, and check your understanding with four exercises.
Updated 23 Sep 20265 min readDBMS
Instruction Structure in Computer Organization: Fields, Encoding and Exam Problems
Learn how opcode, register, mode and displacement fields divide an instruction word. Follow checked examples for address forms, decoding and expanding opcodes.
Updated 22 Sep 20265 min readComputer Organization & Architecture
Special Logic Circuits: ROM, Majority Logic and Array Multiplier Examples
Learn one method for analysing special logic circuits, then apply it to majority logic, a BCD detector, programmable logic and two versions of a 4-bit multiplier.
Updated 22 Sep 20266 min readDigital Logic
Call by Value, Address and Reference: C and C++ Worked Examples
Learn what C actually copies during a function call, how pointers still change caller-owned data, and where C++ references differ. Every case is traced to its final value.
Updated 22 Sep 20266 min readC Programming & Data Structures
Data Link Layer Delay Analysis: Formulas, Worked Examples and Exam Question Patterns
Learn to separate transmission and propagation delay, calculate a complete stop-and-wait cycle, and choose the minimum sliding-window size without unit traps.
Updated 22 Sep 20265 min readComputer Networks