CS Fundamentals
464 articles in this topic
File Management in Operating Systems: Allocation, Directories and Worked Examples
Connect a filename to its inode, open-file state, and physical blocks. Then compare allocation methods and solve one complete block-allocation example.
Updated 3 Sep 20267 min readOperating Systems
Keys and Integrity Constraints in DBMS: Types, Rules and Worked Examples
Learn how superkeys, candidate keys, primary keys, foreign keys and integrity rules work together through one university database and a complete closure proof.
Updated 3 Sep 20266 min readDBMS
Closure Properties of Regular Languages: DFA Constructions and Exam Traps
Learn why regular languages remain regular under major operations. Build one product DFA, trace two strings, and compare the constructions operation by operation.
Updated 3 Sep 20266 min read51 viewsTheory of Computation
Character Encoding Schemes: ASCII, ISCII, Unicode and UTF-8 Worked Examples
Trace Aह😀 from code points to UTF-8, UTF-16BE and UTF-32BE. Then decode bytes, compare storage and correct the most common encoding mistakes.
Updated 2 Sep 20265 min read60 viewsComputer Organization & Architecture
Ex-OR and Ex-NOR Gates Explained: Truth Tables, Relations and a Worked Circuit
Learn why Ex-OR detects difference and Ex-NOR detects equality, then trace a three-input circuit and avoid the binary-cascade trap.
Updated 2 Sep 20266 min read55 viewsDigital Logic
Character Pointers and Strings in C: Memory Layout, Worked Outputs and Exam Traps
Build a memory-first model for character pointers and C strings. Trace GATE to GITE and CAT to CBT, then check literals, bounds, terminators and capacity.
Updated 2 Sep 20266 min readC Programming & Data Structures
Network Security and Cryptography in Computer Networks: How Ciphers, Key Exchange, and TLS Actually Work
Cipher internals for computer networks: ECB vs CBC block modes, HMAC construction, square-and-multiply RSA, a Diffie-Hellman man-in-the-middle, and TLS.
Updated 2 Sep 202611 min read66 viewsComputer Networks
Semantic Analysis and Syntax-Directed Translation: Worked Examples for GATE CS
Follow the compiler pipeline from symbol-table checks to attribute evaluation. Three worked examples trace an arithmetic expression, a declaration list, and postfix output.
Updated 1 Sep 20265 min readCompiler Design
Planar Graphs and Kuratowski's Theorem: Homeomorphism, K5 and K3,3 Worked Examples
Learn why crossings and edge bounds can mislead, then expose a hidden K3,3 by suppressing degree-two vertices in a complete worked example.
Updated 1 Sep 20266 min read61 viewsEngineering Mathematics
Introduction to Operating System: Core Concepts with a Worked CPU Schedule
Build a connected model of operating-system services, privilege, process states and kernel structures. Then trace an FCFS schedule with I/O and switching costs.
Updated 1 Sep 20266 min read62 viewsOperating Systems
Concurrency Control in DBMS: Anomalies, Serializability, Locking and 2PL with Worked Examples
Connect the full DBMS concurrency-control chain through one precedence-graph schedule, strict 2PL examples, timestamp rules and recovery checks.
Updated 1 Sep 20266 min readDBMS
NFA Basics and Design: Build and Trace Nondeterministic Automata
Learn how an NFA branches, trace complete state sets, handle epsilon-closure, and convert a worked three-state machine into its reachable-subset DFA.
Updated 1 Sep 20265 min readTheory of Computation