CS Fundamentals
473 articles in this topic
Computer Memory Basics: Addressability, Capacity and Chip Organisation with Worked Examples
Learn to separate addresses, bytes, words, address lines and data lines. Worked examples cover a 256 KiB byte-addressable memory, chip organisation, and a 16K x 16 expansion.
Updated 26 Aug 20266 min read52 viewsComputer Organization & Architecture
Adders and Subtractors in Digital Logic: Circuits, Worked Examples and Exam Traps
Learn adders and subtractors from one-bit truth tables to four-bit ripple circuits, with verified addition, subtraction, overflow and delay examples.
Updated 26 Aug 20266 min readDigital Logic
File Handling in C: fopen, Read, Write, Append and Seek with Runnable Examples
Build safe C file workflows with text and binary examples. Write records, total them, append data, seek by byte offset, and handle failures.
Updated 26 Aug 20266 min readC Programming & Data Structures
Transport Layer Services in Computer Networks: TCP, UDP and Reliability with Worked Examples
Understand process-to-process delivery, compare TCP with UDP, and follow one connection through setup, loss recovery, flow control and closure.
Updated 26 Aug 20265 min readComputer Networks
Derivation and Recursion in CFG: Leftmost, Rightmost and Worked Examples
Follow three exact derivations to separate sentential forms from sentences, see how recursion behaves, and remove immediate left recursion without changing the language.
Updated 26 Aug 20265 min read88 viewsCompiler Design
Logical Operators Explained: Negation, Conjunction and Disjunction with Worked Truth Tables
Learn how negation, conjunction and inclusive disjunction change truth values. Follow complete truth tables, scoped negations, De Morgan checks and a worked compound expression.
Updated 26 Aug 20265 min readEngineering Mathematics
Virtual Memory in Operating Systems: Paging, TLB and Page Replacement with Worked Examples
Follow one virtual address through the TLB and page table, then calculate page faults, replacement traces and working-set pressure step by step.
Updated 26 Aug 20266 min read52 viewsOperating Systems
DBMS Normalization from 1NF to BCNF: One Complete Worked Example
Follow one university-registration relation from a repeating group to BCNF. Compute both candidate keys, remove each dependency violation, and test the final split.
Updated 26 Aug 20266 min readDBMS
Backus-Naur Form (BNF) Explained: Grammar Rules, Worked Derivations and Exam Traps
Learn to read BNF as a grammar, not as punctuation. Follow complete derivations, compare ambiguous parses, and see how recursion affects parsing.
Updated 26 Aug 20265 min read529 viewsTheory of Computation
Computer Instruction Explained: Format, Instruction Cycle and a 16-Bit Worked Example
Decode an illustrative 16-bit load instruction, calculate its effective address, trace fetch through write-back, and learn the errors that change answers.
Updated 25 Aug 20265 min read50 viewsComputer Organization & Architecture
RSSB Computer Instructor Digital Logic and Computer Fundamentals: Worked Number Systems, Boolean Algebra and Memory Basics
Connect number systems, Boolean algebra, memory capacity and CPU organisation through four checked examples designed for RSSB Computer Instructor preparation.
Updated 25 Aug 20266 min readDigital Logic
Miscellaneous C Programming: Storage Classes, Operators, Type Conversion, Macros and Bitwise, Fully Solved
Learn the C rules behind predict-the-output questions, then apply them to five fully worked patterns covering static storage, precedence, conversions, macros and bits.
Updated 24 Aug 20265 min readC Programming & Data Structures